2023

RESEARCH TOPIC: "SCIENCE, HUMANS, AND THE PROSPECTS OF THE TECHNOGENIC CIVILIZATION"

MAIN BODY OF THE RESEARCH REPORT

§ 1.1. Popova O.V.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

The evolution of the process of constructing the concept of the animal in the 20th century was considered. Using various examples from modern philosophical tradition, it was shown how the idea of human exceptionality began to be supplemented and displaced by ideas of respect for other species, and, in general, by the affirmation of the thought of compassion towards other living beings and the associated biomedical practice, which is already based on the idea of minimizing animal suffering. Various trends accompanying this process were also considered; in particular, an ethical assessment was given to the transition from the animalistic turn to the zoo-anthropological ontology, which took place in the first half of the 20th century, and the main trajectories of the development of animalistic themes in modern philosophical thought were shown.
It was concluded that the process of constructing the idea of the human turned out to be linked to the process of constructing the image of the animal. At the present stage, this process of theoretical construction is supplemented by the biotechnological construction of both humans and animals, characterized by experimentation in the field of enhancing physical and cognitive abilities. As a result, a paradoxical combination arises: the human orientation towards transitioning into a superhuman (posthuman) state, and simultaneously the claim to a new ontological niche on the part of the animal, which, in the process of biotechnological improvement, is endowed with individual anthropological features previously associated only with human identity. This process raises the question of the need to deconstruct the former image of the animal, both based on obtaining scientific data about animal consciousness and in connection with the potential emergence of new cognitive capabilities in animals enhanced by biotechnological means. (Popova O.V. Constructing the Human, Deconstructing the Dog // Nauka i fenomen cheloveka v epokhu tsivilizatsionnogo Makrosdviga / Institut filosofii RAN; pod. red. V.G. Budanova, L.P. Kiyashchenko. M.: Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy, 2023. S. 608-642.)
The influence of I. Kant's ideas on the development of philosophical and bioethical discourse on animal rights was considered. I. Kant's doctrine, with its inherent anthropocentric stance, is usually viewed as opposite to the spirit of the biocentric position characteristic of Anglo-Saxon utilitarianism since J. Bentham. It is assumed that the Kantian approach ignores the question of animal rights. I. Kant's teaching had a noticeable influence on the formation of discourse on animal rights. This refers not only to the fact that animal rights advocates perceived I. Kant's ideas as arguments of their ideological opponent to be questioned, but also that they were adopted and developed in the 20th century within biocentric discourse and used to defend animal rights. In the modern world, the process of animal personalization can be enhanced by increasing technologization. The process of conceptually justifying the animal's possession of a personality is supplemented by scientific research in the development of biotechnologies aimed at developing physical and cognitive abilities in animals. Access to the animal's subjectivity, which previously in its most common expression was through its owner establishing empathetic connections with it, is now supplemented by laboratory, technological construction of the animal, where its subjectivity is one of many identical subjectivities of "pure lines," conceptualizing the animal as an animal-machine, convenient for conducting biomedical experiments.
And although the animal undergoes a certain humanization and we observe an anthropological turn towards living beings, expressed both in the strengthening of the process of conceptually justifying the animal's possession of a personality and in the emergence of biotechnologies aimed at enhancing physical and cognitive abilities in animals, prerequisites for the development of a posthuman perspective of existence are simultaneously being formed. In it, humans displace the animal within themselves, technologically replacing it. A precedent is created for the potential permeability of the animalistic and anthropological boundaries.
It was demonstrated that reaching the limits of the zoocentric perspective will occur in parallel with advancing towards the line of a new anthropological and social horizon - towards hybrid communities consisting of humans, animals, and technologies, or subjects combining them in their identity. In such a situation, the categorical imperative, which compels treating humanity both in one's own person and in the person of any other as an end in itself, will acquire a paradoxical zoo-technological ambiguity (Popova O.V. Animalistic Turn in Philosophy and Bioethics and the Kantian Line in the Defense of Animal Rights // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2023. T. 16. № 2. S. 78-95.)
O.V. Popova participated in the study of philosophical aspects of the problem of treatment adherence, as well as in the development of an international methodological guide on treatment adherence. The guide, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, summarizes domestic and international experience in studying and controlling treatment adherence. It presents information on the results of the largest Russian studies in recent years in the field of treatment adherence in leading branches of medicine. Characteristics of the main indicators of adherence, tools for quantitative assessment of treatment adherence, models of patient behavior depending on the level of adherence, forecasts of intervention effectiveness depending on the level of adherence, as well as the choice of medical strategies depending on the predicted effectiveness of interventions are provided. Templates of recommendations for patients with different levels of adherence to drug therapy, medical support, and lifestyle modification have been formed. (Nikolaev N.A, …Gusejnov A.A.… Antipov A.V., … Popova O.V., … Tishchenko P.D. i dr. Priverzhennost' v klinicheskoy praktike. Mezhdunarodnoe metodicheskoe rukovodstvo / Rossiyskoe nauchnoe meditsinskoe obshchestvo terapevtov i dr. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom Akademii Estestvoznaniya, 2023. 228 s.)
The influence of a number of negative trends in modern technoscience on the transformation of contemporary sports was considered. Using the example of the influence of biotechnologies, the ongoing evolution of the meanings of sports was examined, associated with the global capitalization of the athlete's physicality, the displacement from sports of the value of participation and play based on fair rules, and the spread of trends in genetic "invisible" construction and cognitive enhancement, leading to the technoscientific rationalization of the spirit of sports and the significance of biotechnological perfectionism aimed at maximizing the utility brought by the human body.
It was shown that in the context of the increasing trend of sport commodification, new meanings can correlate with the search for "invisible" doping that ensures increased performance in sports. At the same time, the development of biotechnologies contributes to the manifestation of new modalities of sports, oriented not so much towards achieving high results as towards the value of participation in sports activities. It was shown that at the present stage, the development of biotechnologies allows various modalities and meanings of sports to coexist, including those aimed at affirming its meaning as a playful activity, rather than competitiveness or capitalization, which, under new technoscientific conditions, allows for the actualization of the original meanings of sports. (Popova, O. V. New Meanings and Modalities of Sports in the Context of Biomedicine Development // Chelovek. 2023. T. 34, № 2. S. 75-81.)
The problem of using alternative sources of information about (pseudo)medical knowledge was considered, and an ethical-philosophical assessment was given to the emerging problems associated with lay expertise. (Popova O.V. Popov V.V. Alternative Sources of Information about (Pseudo)Medical Knowledge and the Effects of Lay Expertise // Filosofskie problemy biologii i meditsiny. Arkhetipy zhizni i zdorov'ya. M.:Lenand, 2023. Vyp. 17. S. 15-19)
The phenomenon of Chinese bioethics was investigated. It was demonstrated that the formation of bioethics in China took place in the context of a specific socio-cultural situation, which led to the formation of a unique ethical paradigm. Unlike Western countries, significant attention in China is paid to paternalism, family and kinship ties, as well as the public sphere of life, while patient autonomy is of much less importance and is often irrelevant. In the medical field, this is manifested through pronounced medical paternalism, a high culture of mentorship, and subordinate relationships. It was concluded that Chinese bioethics, representing a special philosophy of action in biomedical situations, contains a unique concept of moral agency. Based on M. Valmysa's agency theory, which describes a special relational ontology of Chinese philosophy, Chinese bioethics was characterized as a phenomenon for which relationships are constitutive and primary and are not subject to the presumption of separate subjects. (Popova O.V. Bioethics as a Relational Philosophy of Action (Using the Example of Chinese Bioethics) // Gorizonty gumanitarnogo znaniya. 2023. № 3. S. 3-20.)

§ 1.2. Tishchenko P.D.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

P. D. Tishchenko participated in the development of an international methodological guide on treatment adherence. The guide, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, summarizes domestic and international experience in studying and controlling treatment adherence. It presents information on the results of the largest Russian studies in recent years in the field of treatment adherence in leading branches of medicine. Characteristics of the main indicators of adherence, tools for quantitative assessment of treatment adherence, models of patient behavior depending on the level of adherence, forecasts of intervention effectiveness depending on the level of adherence, as well as the choice of medical strategies depending on the predicted effectiveness of interventions are provided. Templates of recommendations for patients with different levels of adherence to drug therapy, medical support, and lifestyle modification have been formed. (Nikolaev N.A, …Gusejnov A.A.… Antipov A.V., … Popova O.V., … Tishchenko P.D. i dr. Priverzhennost' v klinicheskoy praktike. Mezhdunarodnoe metodicheskoe rukovodstvo / Rossiyskoe nauchnoe meditsinskoe obshchestvo terapevtov i dr. M.: Izdatel'skiy dom Akademii Estestvoznaniya, 2023. 228 s.)
P. D. Tishchenko investigated the methodology of the precision approach in the field of cardiovascular medicine, involving the broadest use of genomic and digital technologies. This leads to the formation of new accuracy in the localization, diagnosis, and therapy of diseases, and the formation of new medical classifications. Bioethical and psychological problems related to the formation of new structural relationships in the "physician – precision medicine patient" system were discussed. The crucial role of medical-genetic counseling in their functioning was noted. The foundation of precision medicine is the principle of justice, ensuring not only the accessibility of medical care to broad segments of the population but also people's trust in modern digital and genomic technologies. The conflict between the principle of confidentiality, prohibiting the transfer of information about the proband to third parties, and the physician's duty to protect their relatives from possible dangers associated with carrying pathological genes was discussed. The psychological significance of genetic information for "patients-in-waiting" was analyzed, and problems of genetic counseling for children, their right to an open future, were discussed. Bioethical problems of the expanding use of big data technologies and chatbots in medical-genetic counseling were considered. (Tishchenko P.D. Bioethical Problems of Genomics of Cardiovascular Diseases in Precision Medicine // Klinicheskaya i eksperimental'naya khirurgiya. Zhurnal imeni akademika B.V. Petrovskogo. 2023. T. 11. № 2. S. 7–16.) (Co-author: Grebenshchikova E.G.)
P. D. Tishchenko discussed the problem: how is it possible to think about the restructuring of oneself, one's social and bodily life by humans? At the foundation of the problem lies a paradox formulated by G. Deleuze: the necessity for thought to think in itself and in the object of its reflection both becoming in being and being in becoming. The research focused on the second part of the paradox, discussing the possibility of thinking stability and order in a permanently becoming-other world. The first part of the paradox was discussed thematically. The discrepancy between the actual and the due state, which is a historically specific construction of a normative state, is considered as the reason provoking the desire to restructure humans and human communities. A kind of suggestion of pain (suffering) occurs. A state of culturally suggested burn. Projects for restructuring life, renewed in each new generation, are interpreted as attempts to escape from the paradoxical situation of the moment (world) of consciousness into dogmatically conceived phantom constructions of a bright future or a golden age of the past. The role of Socratic maieutics in the formation of a metaphysical positive attitude of consciousness, displacing the meaning-generating energy of questioning into the unconscious, is noted. The role of the play of questioning as a pre-logical choice of the path of substantial logic or procedural logic (C-logic or P-logic according to A.V. Smirnov) is discussed. Thinking as a meaning-generating play lives in the narrative, mediating the semantic exchange between telling and showing, between the ear and the eye, between temporal and spatial forms of representations. The intoning medium of the meaning-generating exchange is life, embodied in human flesh. (Tishchenko P.D. Trauma and Excess: Towards the Problem of the Beginning of Collective /Individual Identity // Elektronnyy filosofskiy zhurnal Vox. № 40. 2023. S. 27-49.)
To understand the ambivalence of the concept of violence, P. D. Tishchenko constructed a thought experiment (case) "The Peasant, the Woman, and the Intellectual," allowing for the problematization of the obviousness of its (violence) meaning. The experiment allows thought to reveal and characterize the area beyond the distinction between good and evil (M. Heidegger), the area of moral excess (in the sense of V.S. Bibler), which opposes the diverse possible worlds of moral normativity. It is asserted that it is necessary to distinguish between two types of difference. The first difference creates a specific world (a specific order versus chaos), the second difference distinguishes objects within an already created world. Therefore, having decided and thereby committed a deeply personal free act of affirming the truth of a specific form of distinguishing good and evil, thought must not forget its transcendent beginning — "whence being, becoming, and cognition" (Aristotle). From the perspective of the distinguished worlds of good and evil, the creative difference must be recognized as excessive — not true, amoral, and ugly, but moral. A case (thought experiment), titled "Maximilian Voloshin," allows showing the fundamental difference between moral and ethical assessment of actions that in ready-made moral systems (using the example of communities based on a constructed cultural trauma) are assessed as criminal. Ethical assessment, considering the excess of the human being, presupposes the possibility of human repentance, the possibility of redefining individual and collective identity. Moral assessment does not distinguish between the human and the author of a specific action, closing the possibility of repentance and redefining oneself as individual and collective identity. (Tishchenko P.D. Trauma and Excess: Towards the Problem of the Beginning of Collective /Individual Identity // Elektronnyy filosofskiy zhurnal Vox. № 40. 2023. S. 27-49.)
P. D. Tishchenko investigated the problems of rationality in socially distributed knowledge production, discussed using the example of modern biomedical science. It is asserted that discoveries and inventions become innovations in a heterogeneous network of social agents who consume knowledge from other producers while producing their own. Knowledge obtained in scientific laboratories spreads in society through the production of new knowledge by its consumers: scientists of various specializations, technologists, businessmen, bioethicists, lawyers, politicians, practicing physicians, and medical organizations, and finally, laypeople as consumers of specific services and products. Rationality, understood in this article as the reflected justification of discursive practices, necessarily turns out to be different in different (heterogeneous relative to each other) loci of socially distributed knowledge production. In this sense, we are talking about the complex organization of rationality. It should be emphasized that the question is not about the rational connectedness of the knowledge obtained in the network of heterogeneous knowledge, but about the connectedness of their production. (Tishchenko P.D. Rational Complexity of Socially Distributed Production of Innovative Knowledge // Tret'i Stepinskie chteniya. Perspektivy filosofii nauki v sovremennuyu epokhu. Moskva 20-21 iyunya, 2023. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii / Institut filosofii RAN; otv. red V.A.Lektorskiy, V.G.Budanov. Kursk: Universitetskaya kniga, 2023. S. 639-645.)
P. D. Tishchenko presented the path of formation of bioethics as a practical philosophy cultivating a special area of human freedom, at the center of which lies the idea of the self-sufficient value of the Other, who is radically different from "my other" (M.M. Bakhtin). Bioethics forms and cultivates in practical life a consciousness open to the presence of the Other, to the recognition of the unconditional value of the unique existence of this person, which is higher than the value of his essence (law) understood in one way or another. The step taken at the beginning of the 20th century by V.V. Veresaev, who published "Notes of a Physician," which documentarily presented involuntary medical experiments on people, and the pride of physicians playing God, and the step at the turn of the 21st century by the philosopher, physician, and theologian H.T. Engelhardt – these are two extreme markers on the path of development of bioethics as a practical philosophy. There can be many essences of the human in a person, but the human as existing is always one. Therefore, as H.T. Engelhardt asserts, we, in the foundations, cannot be bound by substantive ethical ideas. In our substantive interpretations, we rapidly scatter in different directions. Therefore, he proposes a procedural principle of resolution, consonant with Confucian ideas, on the basis of which a system of bioethics procedures – principles and rules – is built. The principles (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice) are not substantive provisions but questions that must be discussed with the patient or subject to obtain their permission. The procedural foundations of bioethics define a special type of "zone of freedom," in which "my freedom" is correlated with the freedom of other people who are initially incomprehensible to me. The procedure preserves and protects the place for the Other from my attempt to understand (assimilate), to turn him into "my other." Simultaneously, procedures ensure the "integration" of patients and subjects into the chains of socially distributed production of biomedical knowledge. (Tishchenko P.D. Bioethics as a Practical Philosophy and the Discovery of the Other (V.V. Veresaev and Tr. H. Engelhardt Jr.) // Nauka i fenomen cheloveka v epokhu tsivilizatsionnogo Makrosdviga / Institut filosofii RAN; pod. red. V.G. Budanova, L.P. Kiyashchenko. M.: Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy, 2023. S. 590-607.)

§ 1.3. Voronin A.A.
Sub-theme Title: Explication of new aspects of studying the relationship between the biological, the socio-natural, and the information-communicative approach, which would be adequate to the specifics of the organization and functioning of the socio-natural integrity in new technogenic and global-informational conditions, the acute need for a rational assessment of environmental risks, and the affirmation of the principles of a reasonable human attitude towards information-technological communication.

Voronin A.A. continued his research on philosophical issues of sports.
Within the framework of the project of humanitarian examination of socio-cultural phenomena, a concept of sport as a communicative strategy is proposed. To answer the questions of what modern sport is and what the parameters of its modifications are, it is necessary to operate with an understanding of sport in its integrity, since fragmented studies do not allow subsequent assembly into a single theoretical construct. An attempt was made to develop a sketch of a conceptual apparatus suitable for posing the question of a holistic theoretical reproduction of sport as a subject of research. The most general point of view here seems to be the communicative approach, which, due to its abstractness, sets an adequate level of generalization. (Voronin A.A. The Communicative Nature of Sport // Chelovek. 2023. T. 40. № 6. S. 84-99.)
To understand the modern problems of sports, a distinction between sport and amateur pastime is introduced. Two types of strength extremism are compared – weightlifting and strength stunts (using the example of two books by outstanding strongmen Yu. Vlasov and P. Filaretov). A fundamental difference is seen in the method of demonstrating achievements. The position of classical sport is characterized by institutionalization, financial and political support, regulation, judging, record-keeping, spectacle, fans, and business. Today, sports that can be characterized as non-classical are spreading, in which motivation, support, demonstration of achievements, spectacle, etc., have radically changed. Both types of sports exist alongside each other, although a trend of migration of classical sports towards non-classical ones is visible. This poses problems of new filling of sports with motives, values, and meanings. (Voronin A.A. Where Should We Sail... Sport or Pastime? // Chelovek. 2023 T. 34, № 2. S. 82–89.)
Humanitarian analysis of the cultural situation allows describing the phenomenon of "enlightenment illusions." The article, using the example of the history of the journal "Philosophical Research," discusses the rise, flourishing, and decline of enlightenment sentiments in the 80s and 90s of the last century, associated with the activities of the "sixtiers" in our country. (Voronin A.A. The Era of Enlightenment Illusions // Politicheskaya kontseptologiya. 2023. № 1. S. 77-84.)
The study of individual and social consciousness is impossible without the theme of illusory consciousness. The author provided a typology of the problematic of the relationship between illusions and reality based on the material of literary texts written by him in the last decade. The typology includes both psychological and socio-philosophical mechanisms of the emergence, existence, and spread of illusions, their role in historical movement, and their possible consequences. (Voronin A.A. The Illusion of Reality // Elektronnyy filosofskiy zhurnal Vox. 2023. № 2.)

§ 1.4. Majlenova F.G.
Sub-theme Title: Development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies and related social, scientific, technological processes affecting issues of human self-identity, ethical self-understanding, changes in epistemological models, building personal life trajectories, actualization of bioethical and ethical-legal concepts and notions.

In 2023, Majlenova F.G. developed the theme of the relationship between the bodily and the spiritual at the intersection of philosophy, medicine, and hypnotherapy. The goal was to identify the connection between human health and his emotional and moral state. As a result of joint work with French colleague Charles Joussellin, it was revealed that not only patients suffering from pain but even those in a coma are extremely sensitive to how they are treated and spoken to. Understanding the features of speech perception allows the use of words both to alleviate physical pain and to comfort mental pain. The philosophical and ethical-psychological aspects of the narrative approach in medicine were revealed, which allows a healing dialogue between people to occur, allows coping with the fear of inevitable death, and finding a lost meaning in life. (Joussellin Ch., Mailenova F.G. Une algologie narrative // ΠΡΑΞΗΜΑ. Problemy vizual'noy semiotiki. 2023. № 1 (35). S. 78-90.)
The perception of pain, its role in our lives, was investigated; the changes that not only the body but the entire personality of a person undergoes as a result of experiencing pain were revealed. In search of an answer to the question of whether there are positive aspects to suffering and pain, the most important diagnostic function of pain, its role as a way of dialogue with the body and understanding the processes occurring in the human body and psyche, is revealed. Approaching the study of pain as a language through which the unconscious addresses our "self" opens up new possibilities for the development of bodily intelligence. The social and ethical-psychological aspects of experiencing pain were also investigated, and the dual approach to the problem of loneliness in pain, which can both exacerbate loneliness and, conversely, become a unifying factor helping to realize the value of life and another person, was revealed. It was concluded that the study of pain is a subject of research not only for medicine but also for psychology, ethics, and philosophy. (Majlenova F.G. Vospriyatie boli v meditsine i psikhologii // Tret'i Stepinskie chteniya. Perspektivy filosofii nauki v sovremennuyu epokhu. Moskva 20-21 iyunya, 2023. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii / Institut filosofii RAN; otv. red V.A.Lektorskiy, V.G.Budanov. Kursk: Universitetskaya kniga, 2023. S. 671-673.)
The application of sports hypnosis, the foundations of which were developed by Soviet physiologists and psychiatrists in the last century, was studied. Using the example of the works of K.I. Platonov, L.D. Gissen, A.V. Alekseev - the author of the semantic method of mastering motor elements - it was shown that the use of hypnosis helps athletes get rid of fears, create the necessary moral attitude before competitions, recover faster from injuries, and overcome psychological barriers. It was concluded that hypnosis is addressed primarily to the athlete's brain and emphasizes mental training, while the traditional approach to the training process considers the athlete's work only as physical, and it is this radical difference in the approach to training that hinders the expansion of the use of hypnosis in sports. (Majlenova F.G. Primenenie gipnoza v otechestvennom sporte // Chelovek. 2023. T. 34, № 2. S. 91-95.)
The transformation of the modern person's communication style due to the relocation of a huge part of our lives to the Internet was investigated. The aim of the work was to consider how the norms of openness and intimacy, designed to regulate our private lives, are transformed. Changes in personal boundaries have led to the fact that the existing norms of etiquette, designed to regulate communication, have become insufficient. It was concluded that the development of netiquette, which will allow communication online not only as efficiently as possible but also respectfully and carefully in relation to changing personal boundaries, has become an urgent task of applied ethics. (Majlenova F.G. Transformatsiya norm etiketa v svyazi s tsifrovizatsiey sovremennykh form obshcheniya // Vremya reshayushchikh peremen: «zvezdnyy chas» nauki? / Institut filosofii RAN; otv. red. G.L. Belkina, red.-sost. M.I. Frolova. Moskva: KANON+, 2023. S. 347-357.)

§ 1.5. Belkina G.L.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

In 2023, a study was conducted on the state of development of the scientific discipline of the history of Russian philosophy in the first half of the 1950s based on materials about the teaching of the history of Russian philosophy at Moscow State University. The main events of Academician I.T. Frolov's scientific biography related to the theme of the history of Russian philosophy were traced: from his first scientific publication dedicated to the then-current problems of studying the history of Russian philosophy to his last interview with the journal "Voprosy Filosofii." Plans for the study of Russian philosophy, history, and culture by Academician I.T. Frolov were studied. A publication was made of the list of exam questions on the history of Russian philosophy, found in the personal archive of Academician I.T. Frolov, compiled for students by the Department of the History of Russian Philosophy of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1952. (Belkina G.L., Korsakov S.N. Exam Questions on the Course of the History of Russian Philosophy (1952). From the Archive of Academician I.T. Frolov // Otechestvennaya filosofiya. 2023. T. 1. No 1. S. 89–98). A collection of works by Academician I.T. Frolov was prepared for publication (Frolov I.T. Sud'ba Rossii. Poslednie stat'i)

§ 1.6. Belyaletdinov R.R.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

An analysis was conducted of the problem of respecting personal autonomy in sports and the practice of restricting athletes. It was revealed that the two factors justifying restrictions – the medico-paternalistic and the ethical – are closely correlated with each other and with the ethics of public competitions. The problem of respecting personal autonomy was considered from the perspective of the contradiction between a formally rational set of rules reflecting the standards of fair sports competitions and the non-formalized impulse of an autonomous actor, determined by their striving for self-realization and public recognition in their entirety, including features of their biosocial identity. An analysis was conducted of a specific example of restricting female athletes with a naturally elevated level of testosterone in their blood. (Belyaletdinov R.R. Respect for Personal Autonomy in Sports as a Problem of Biosocial Identity // Chelovek. 2023. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 79-84.)

A comparative study of the concepts of autonomy and self-determination in bioethics was conducted. It was established that until the mid-1950s, only the physician fully understood what constituted the good, assigning the patient the role of a passive agreeer with medical truth. A decade later, in bioethics, with the emergence of informed consent, a dualism of two truths was born – the physician's and the patient's. The transition from self-determination to the concept of informed consent occurred through a rethinking of the correlation between the good represented by the physician and the patient's right to knowledge and articulation of this knowledge according to their own views. Meaning-making, not only for the patient but for anyone encountering biomedical trajectories in their own life, carried out in the format of informed consent, becomes no less significant than the objective good of health or the prosperity of society. Meanwhile, the majority of informed consent acts de facto remain instances of self-determination, as they are formal in nature. Furthermore, the scientific community quite often views the meaning-making of informed consent as a fictitious bureaucratic practice.

Nevertheless, the philosophical critique of a unified conception of the good is also a critique of the idea of uninformed self-determination. The study identified some arguments concerning the impossibility of complete knowledge transmission, the variability of value realism, and the limitations of philosophical conceptual universalism. An analysis of examples revealing the problem of informed consent was conducted, and the problem of the objective understanding of the good in modern philosophy is considered, drawing on the ideas of J. Habermas, C. Taylor, and A. Buchanan. A justification is proposed for the thesis that the significance of the concept of informed consent, opposed to the idea of self-determination, is reinforced in modern philosophy by the exhaustion of the concept of a universal good. (Belyaletdinov R.R. The Concept of Self-Determination and the Problem of Meaning-Making in Informed Consent // Naukovedcheskie issledovaniya. 2023. No. 3. P. 29-50.)

An analysis of the concept of respect for personal autonomy as a problem of meaning-making and value justification in bioethics was conducted using philosophical argumentation. J. Habermas's concept of philosophy as an "interpreter" and "placeholder," influencing the formation of moral ideas that determine the legitimacy of scientific research in the lifeworld, was investigated. The problem of the complexity of the model of personal autonomy and specific examples are considered, in which the distinction between the bodily and value aspects regulated through respect for personal autonomy is presented. (Belyaletdinov R.R. Respect for Personal Autonomy as a Problem of Meaning-Making in Bioethics // Tret'i Stepinskie chteniya. Perspektivy filosofii nauki v sovremennuyu epokhu. Moskva 20-21 iyunya, 2023. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii / Institut filosofii RAN; otv. red V.A.Lektorskiy, V.G.Budanov. Kursk: Universitetskaya kniga, 2023. P. 657-661.)

§ 1.7. Pronin M.A.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

The "Virtuality Studies" Research Group of the Institute of Philosophy RAS (IPH RAS RG VS)/ M.A. Pronin - in 2023, firstly, conducted innovative fundamental, exploratory, and applied developments both in the field of natural virtuality studies (of the world, humans, and their psyche/consciousness) and in the sphere of philosophy of technosciences dealing with virtual (VR), augmented (AR), and substitutional reality (SR) technologies; hereafter, the acronym TVR will be used to refer to all three directions, which relate to "consciousness editing" technologies and the consequences associated with these technologies. Within the methodological framework of the virtual approach of the N.A. Nosov school, the worldview reasons why the successes in the development of TVR as such do not lead to human development were uncovered: it was shown that the understanding of the natural virtuality of the human psyche resides in the collective cognitive unconscious and is not realized by representatives of the mainstream philosophy and technoscience of TVR (Pronin M.A., O.N. Raev Futurum vs Adventus - Between Forecast and the Coming: Will the Heyday of Virtual Reality Technologies Come? // Vremya reshayushchikh peremen: «zvezdnyy chas nauki? - M.: KANON+, 2023. - P. 286-306; Pronin M.A., Raev O.N. Natural Virtuality and Virtual Reality Technologies: pro et contra // Filosofiya i/ili novoe integrativnoe znanie : sbornik materialov VIII vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii (s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem) [20- 21 aprelya 2023 goda] / pod nauch.red. T.A. Nikitenko. - Yaroslavl': RIO YaGPU, 2023. P. 256-263, etc.)

Secondly, through the conceptualization and analysis of philosophical and methodological problems in understanding the acute and long-term radiation consequences for helicopter pilot liquidators after work in the Chernobyl NPP disaster zone. The following were carried out: systematization of the results of long-term medical and psychological observations of the liquidators (over the 5 years preceding work in the acute period of the disaster; their examinations over the 1st year since exposure; and the results of observing them over the subsequent 16 years); their generalization/integration with subsequent humanitarian and philosophical examination. As a result of philosophical-theoretical synthesis (abstraction), the concept of a "standard/conditional liquidator" was developed – a fundamentally new theoretical construct for medical and biological radiology, which until now have remained observational empirical disciplines (Pronin M.A., Soldatov S.K. Malye dozy radiatsii i zdorov'e lyotchikov / Pod red. akademika RAN I.B. Ushakova. M.: FIZMATLIT, 2023. 232 p.). A series of scientific publications (articles and conference abstracts) were prepared on introducing innovative philosophical developments into scientific radiological discourse (Pronin M.A., Soldatov S.K., Musaeva R.N. Otsenka malykh radiatsionnykh vozdeystviy s pozitsii standartnogo/uslovnogo cheloveka // Zemlya – orbita – dal'niy kosmos: XVIII Konferentsiya po kosmicheskoy biologii i aviakosmicheskoy meditsine s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem; 7-9 noyabrya 2023. M., 2023. P.382-384, etc.).

The philosophical examination of the worldview problems of the prospective development of domestic and global aircraft manufacturing was continued; pathologies were identified in the episteme of leading developers of control systems (in the narrow sense, instrument panels) of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters), consisting of errors in failing to distinguish between the nature of constant and virtual mental phenomena/states in pilots. A conceptualization of the states/phenomenologies of anomies (inadequacies) in the field of designing aircraft control systems was carried out; to describe the situation "as is," the term "virtual human on pause" was proposed, characterizing the state of affairs with virtuality studies in domestic and global aircraft manufacturing. The causes were uncovered, and paths/programs ("as it should be") for fundamental, exploratory, and applied experimental design and research work in this area were proposed (Pronin M.A. Philosophical Examination of Aircraft Manufacturing: "Virtual Human on Pause" // Nauka i fenomen cheloveka v epokhu tsivilizatsionnogo Makrosdviga / Institut filosofii RAN; pod. red. V.G. Budanova, L.P. Kiyashchenko. M.: Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy, 2023. P. 689-717; Pronin, M. A., Raev, O. N., Korolev, A. D. Philosophy as Examination: Virtual Psychological Realities and the Development of Aviation. // Nauka. Tekhnika. Chelovek: istoricheskie, mirovozzrencheskie i metodologicheskie problemy: sbornik nauchnykh statey: Mezhdun. nauch.-praktich. konf., posvyashchonnaya 100-letiyu grazhdanskoy aviatsii Rossii i Vsemirnomu dnyu filosofii: 17 noyabrya 2022 g. M.: ID Akademii Zhukovskogo, 2023. Vol. 12. P. 540-544.)

Furthermore, research was conducted within the sub-theme "Building a philosophical and methodological apparatus relevant to the task of creating a new environmental ontology associated with digitalization and network communities."

The concept of "network intelligence" was developed and introduced into scientific discourse; its structure, content, and development prospects were proposed using the example of creative clusters in agriculture (Pronin M.A., Bubnov A.V. Setevoy intellekt i prirodnaya virtual'nost' v kreativnom sel'skom khozyaystve: filosofskie problemy// Dukhovnye osnovy otnosheniy chelovek – priroda: materialy Vserossiyskoy (Natsional'noy) nauch.-prakt. konf. s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem (g. Cheboksary, 25 yanvarya 2023 g.) /otv. red. R.V. Mikhaylova, E.V. Agayeva. Cheboksary, 2023. Vol. 4. P. 58-67; Pronin M.A. Philosophy as Examination: Network Intelligence and Anomies of Classical and Non-Classical Rationality // Tret'i Stepinskie chteniya. Perspektivy filosofii nauki v sovremennuyu epokhu. Moskva 20-21 iyunya, 2023. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii / Institut filosofii RAN; otv. red V.A.Lektorskiy, V.G. Budanov. Kursk: Universitetskaya kniga, 2023. P. 674-679. (co-author: Bubnov A.V.))

Furthermore, within the framework of virtuality studies as a paradigmatic approach, a humanitarian examination of the strategies for the development of corporate charity in Russia was conducted (Pronin M.A. Corporate Social Responsibility of Business in Russia: From Charity to Nature-Like Technologies // Vestnik REU im. G. V. Plekhanova. 2023. Vol. 20. No. 2. P.121-128. (co-authors: Ananishev V.V., Britzhanina T. V, Voronin A.A.)).

Historiographical work was continued: the evolution of ideas about virtuality in recent Russian history (2005-2023) at the Institute of Philosophy RAS was revealed; key historical events-shifts in the fates of ideas, people, and institutions were proposed for the preparation of the monograph "Virtuality Studies at the Institute of Philosophy RAS" (Pronin M. A. Evolution of Ideas about Virtuality: Questions, Paths, and Perspectives // Innovatsionnye tekhnologii v kinematografe, mediaindustrii i obrazovanii: X Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya, Moskva, 11–13 oktyabrya, 17 oktyabrya 2023 g.: Materialy i doklady / pod obshchey redaktsiey O. N. Raeva. Moskva : IPP «KUNA», 2023. P. 149-156.)

§ 1.8. Frolova M.I.
Sub-theme Title: Analysis of various aspects of the science-society interaction process; development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies.

In 2023, a study was conducted on the issues of synthesizing natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge based on philosophical anthropology in the works of Academician I.T. Frolov. It was concluded that the principles formulated by him formed the basis of a new modern form of philosophical humanism – scientific humanism. A comparative analysis of the works of I.T. Frolov and other major humanist thinkers of the 20th century was conducted during their reflection on socio-anthropological challenges. The analysis of I.T. Frolov's philosophical heritage in the context of the development of modern humanist thought allowed for reaching a new level of conceptualization of theories related to the philosophy of man, thereby enhancing the quality of scientific research (Kuzmenko G.N., Frolova M.I. Philosophical Anthropology and Humanism in the Works of I.T. Frolov // Vremya reshayushchikh peremen: «zvezdnyy chas» nauki? M.: KANON+, 2023. P. 412-422).

Issues related to the theme of the "new reality" that humanity is entering, associated with rapid changes in all major spheres of human life, in particular with issues of life in the post-Covid reality, adaptation to digital technologies, and the formation of a polycentric global world order, were studied. It was concluded that in the context of global changes, it is important for humans to preserve their humanity so that the new reality nevertheless remains a human reality. It was established that this problematic logically follows from the philosophical discourse of I.T. Frolov's texts, the main focus of which was precisely the problem of "man, society, and new technologies" (Frolova M.I. The Fragility of Life in the Conditions of the New Reality // Chelovek. 2023. No. 1. P. 172-180).

The contribution of I.T. Frolov to the development of our country's international environmental ties, as well as the concept of the Soviet environmental program developed by I.T. Frolov, were studied. An analysis of archival sources on cooperation with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and with the "green" movement was conducted, during which principles of an interconnected and integral world and a comprehensive approach to ecology were put forward (Belkina G. L., Korsakov S. N., Frolova M. I. Academician I. T. Frolov and International Environmental Cooperation (1970s–1990s) // Problema sootnosheniya estestvennogo i sotsial'nogo v obshchestve i cheloveke: materialy XIV Vserossiyskoy ochno-zaochnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem / Zabaykal'skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. Chita: ZabGU, 2023. P. 7-21). A collection of works by Academician I.T. Frolov was prepared for publication (Frolov I.T. Sud'ba Rossii. Poslednie stat'i, intervyu, vystupleniya. M.: Kanon+. 2023. 388 s.).

§ 1.9. Antipov A.V.
Sub-theme Title: Development of the conceptual apparatus, methods, and tools for the humanitarian examination of the intensive development of critical biomedical technologies and related social, scientific, technological processes affecting issues of human self-identity, ethical self-understanding, changes in epistemological models, building personal life trajectories, actualization of bioethical and ethical-legal concepts and notions.

The modern world is increasingly filled with devices whose task is to track life indicators of varying importance (from the number of steps taken per day to ECG and saturation), although they were initially intended for professionals-medics to obtain information about the state of the body and the processes occurring within it. The entry of such devices into the market beyond purely medical use, their distribution in the form of expanded smartphone functionality, the creation of fitness bracelets, the implantation of chips (still in rare cases), the appearance of smartwatches, etc., allows every person to access a huge amount of heterogeneous data about the processes occurring in the body. It is assumed that knowing oneself through numbers makes the measurement process more explicit, and the body can be represented in the form of visual data, making it more understandable and convenient to manage. The bioethical and biopolitical aspects of the trend of knowing oneself through quantitative indicators were outlined, and the problems of improvement and the heuristic potential of self-tracking were identified. (Antipov A.V. Knowing Oneself Through Numbers: Bioethics and Biopolitics // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 7. Filosofiya. 2023. Vol. 47. No. 4. P. 63-77.)

The storage and collection of personal data represent a potential problem, as the generated digital footprint of a person's presence on the Internet impacts the social and political representation of the individual, its perception by other actors, and the compromise of the digital footprint's content can make information not intended for outsiders open. Currently, there is a growing trend of misuse of stored data both by criminals and by companies that use data for sale or surveillance. The need to control how data is collected, stored, and used leads to the emergence in research literature and legal field of the "right to be forgotten," which allows a person to actively moderate the process of data collection and storage, participate in determining the circle of those who can access it, and also delete it at their own discretion. The development of technologies, including biomedical ones, leads to the storage and processing of sensitive and confidential information, especially that which concerns a person's health. The right to be forgotten is implemented as an extension of the principle of human autonomy, as this right guarantees control over the processed information. The conclusion is justified that the right to be forgotten has positive heuristic potential for defining the boundaries of identity in the era of the development of science and technology, but it is not without conceptual shortcomings and is unable to completely correct the current situation of data processing. However, the implementation of the right to be forgotten is capable of having a favorable effect on the prevailing climate in the field of collection and storage of personal data in the future. (Antipov A.V., Trusov Yu.A. The Right to Be Forgotten: Ethical-Political Aspects // Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2023. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 163-177.)

The study is devoted to the consideration of the bioethical principle of respect for autonomy and ethical connotations in the context of advance directives (wills for the event of incapacity). Advance directives are part of advanced care planning. They allow the patient to cooperate with the physician, together choosing a course of action in situations of exacerbation of a mental disorder. The context for consideration is suicide prevention, which is aimed at monitoring, identifying, and preventing suicides. In psychiatry and suicidology, such advance directives for incapacity are called Ulysses contracts. The Ulysses contract is considered and analyzed in the article as an implementation of the principle of respect for the autonomy of suicidal individuals. For the analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of the agreement are highlighted. (Antipov A.V. Bioethical Aspects of the Ulysses Contract (Using the Example of Suicide Prevention) // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya. 2023. No. 73. P. 71-78.)

§ 1.10. Lavrentyeva S.V.
Sub-theme Title: Philosophical and Methodological Analysis of Anthropological Risks in the Context of Global Digitalization.

Lavrentyeva S.V. analyzed the role of the bodily practices of cybersportsmen, taking into account the features of the virtual environment. The role of the players' physicality is revealed within two general plans associated with the concept of sport, namely: sport as a demonstration of skill in mastering certain physical and/or intellectual skills. It is shown that to clarify the role of the player's physicality in cybersport, it is necessary to distinguish between two optics of counterfactual thinking. On the one hand, counterfactuality is part of the gaming environment of cybersport, allowing for strategy planning and evaluation. On the other hand, it accompanies the player's actions within the necessity of rapid response to hypothetical events of the virtual world. These actions are not an exact likeness of bodily reactions in the conditions of the physical world, as they are produced through the control of game controllers, which are extensions into the virtual world. It is shown that counterfactuality turns out to be directly embedded in the player's bodily practices, forcing the latter to seek a balance between the necessity of a quick reaction and taking into account the hypothetical nature of what is happening on the screen. Lavrentyeva S.V. Bodily Skills in the Virtual Environment (Based on the Material of Cybersport) // Chelovek. 2023. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 85-90.