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RESEARCH TOPIC: "SCIENCE, HUMANS, AND THE PROSPECTS OF THE TECHNOGENIC CIVILIZATION" INTRODUCTION Object of Research: Socio-humanitarian risks of the development of modern technoscience, biomedical innovations, and the transformation of humans. Essential for developing the research problematics was the understanding of historical-philosophical contexts, in which the ideas of I.T. Frolov, B.G. Yudin, and concepts of foreign representatives of humanistic thought (E. Fromm, E. Bloch, A. Huxley, A. Peccei, J. Naisbitt, E. Agazzi, J. Habermas, etc.) played significant roles in different periods. Great importance in the context of the 2022 research was given to the study of the ideas of Academician I.T. Frolov, his role in developing a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to studying humans in the context of emerging problems of the technogenic civilization, particularly in ecology, as well as in the creation of the Institute of Man, where socio-philosophical problems of the development of science and technology were actively developed. The creative legacy of B.G. Yudin was also actively utilized and investigated methodologically; in particular, the fundamental problem-centricity of his enigmatic anthropology of becoming was examined. The decisive significance of the ideas and activities of I.T. Frolov and B.G. Yudin for the formation of the national, and specifically Moscow, school of bioethics is asserted. It is emphasized that in the early stages of its formation, Russian bioethics was more concerned with the problems of clinical trials than with moral dilemmas arising from medical practice. Discussing the problem of the philosophical foundations of modern bioethics allowed for the formulation of two theoretical propositions. The first defines that philosophical theories do not keep pace with revolutionary changes in the field of medical and scientific practice. The second defines the necessity of forming stable teacher-student relationships, sufficient for initiation into the traditions of bioethical thinking. Furthermore, within the framework of research conducted in 2022, sector staff considered a number of current problems in the philosophy of science and technology: the fragility of life, global prospects for humanity, transformations of the human emotional sphere and gender relations in the context of digital and biomedical technology development, the phenomenon of voluntary refusal of life in the context of critical suicidology studies, the ethics of concepts surrounding the disability rights movement, the problem of doping in the context of the "artificial-natural" problem, the concept of rational autonomy and the problem of respect for personal autonomy, narrative tools in doctor-patient communication, philosophical problems of understanding and non-understanding (anomies) of the nature of virtual reality, and other issues. Goals and Objectives: To present a philosophical analysis of technological risks, to develop the conceptual foundations for socio-humanitarian support of innovative technological activities.
MAIN BODY OF THE RESEARCH REPORT 1.1. Popova O.V. The philosophical discourse that emerged during the development of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic was investigated. A number of socio-political problems caused by the pandemic's development were analyzed, and the process of rethinking a number of established socio-philosophical concepts, such as "camp," "state of emergency," "biopolitics," was shown, demonstrating various philosophical positions reflecting the reaction of rethinking the role of philosophy in the context of forming a new pandemic reality. (Popova O.V. The Philosophical Context of the Pandemic // Chelovechestvo v novoy real'nosti: global'nye biotekhnologicheskie vyzovy / Institut filosofii; Ed. by G.L. Belkina. Compiler M.I. Frolova. RAN, M.: KANON+, 2022. P. 274-284.) 1.2. Tishchenko P. D. Unlike classical anthropological constructions that attempt to identify (discern with a philosophical gaze) some invariant characteristics of being in the diversity of empirical and theoretical descriptions of the features of human existence, B.G. Yudin's concept emphasizes the idea of the human in humans as the antithesis of being and becoming. His approach can quite be called post-metaphysical in the sense given to this term by J. Habermas. The human being, figuratively speaking, is ripped open by the question "What is a human?" For millennia, this questioning has compelled thought to think, to embark on risky ventures in order to acquire stable meaning, and, inevitably, sometimes achieving temporary interesting results on this path, to experience failure again – the problem sounding in the question: "What is a human?" remains unresolved, requiring new intellectual and moral efforts for its resolution. B.G. Yudin resolves this problem. However, in the word "resolution" one must hear not only the meaning of a found particular solution to the task but also the meaning of permission. The teacher permitted the student to leave the class, or permitted them to stay. In B.G. Yudin's anthropological concept, the problem is not only permitted to remain but also to occupy the central place of the human in humans. His anthropological thought is fundamentally problem-centric. The problem, as thought aware of its insufficiency on the border with the unthinkable, turns out to be that essence of humans which remains invariant over the centuries, constantly self-renewing. This is being in a borderline regime of becoming other. It is emphasized that the problem-centric, oriented not towards being but towards becoming, form of knowledge of life is realized in the ideas of technoscience. Here, the idea of an experimental setup plays a special role in B.G. Yudin's concept. An experimental setup is created to ensure the controllability and reproducibility of cognitive experience. Having proven its effectiveness in a cognitive situation, the experimental setup, as a system ensuring control over the parameters of interest of the object and the reproducibility of the results of impact on it, is transposed (in the sense of E. Goffman) into the sphere of practical use as technology. Science turns into technoscience. (Tishchenko P. D. The Post-Metaphysical Philosophical Anthropology of Boris Grigorievich Yudin / Filosofiya vo mnozhestvennom chisle. Kniga vtoraya. Akademicheskiy proekt, 412 s. S. 159 - 167.) 1.3. Voronin A.A. (Voronin A.A. Parallels, Perpendiculars, and Imaginary Quantities. Reading V.I. Tolstykh's Book "We Were. The Soviet Man As He Is" // Voprosy filosofii. 2022. No. 3. P. 175 –181.) The problem of objective threats and subjective experiences of the fragility, vulnerability of human life was investigated in the conceptual opposition to the boundlessness of the life force of humanity as a global community. It is shown that modernity multiplies both risks and threats, and protection and human omnipotence, leaving the individual a wide space for self-determination, in which, however, dangerous trends independent of humans continue to persist. They are associated both with the progress of the technical and intellectual environment and with unexpected surges of militarism and political arbitrariness. (Voronin A.A. The Fragility of Life // VOX. Filosofskiy zhurnal. 2022. No. 38.) 1.4. Maylenova F.G. New rules of behavior and communication on the Internet were investigated as one of the tasks of modern applied ethics. The transformations of modern humans in the constantly changing reality of the VUCA-world, and the positive and negative consequences of this transformation, were studied. The period from the beginning of 2020 was marked by an unprecedented speed of change on a global scale, determined primarily by the coronavirus pandemic that hit the world, on one hand, and the crisis of analytical institutions in politics, economics, finance, and education, on the other. Expressions like "new reality," "unpredictable development of the situation," "the VUCA-world that arrived in 2020" are increasingly found in the works of reviewers and analysts. At the same time, due to the mass transition to online work and study, Internet technologies began to play a huge role in our lives. The Internet, with its unprecedented amount of information that falls on our brains every minute, is growing deeper into our lives. It is shown how the multiple acceleration of the pace of life and global changes, in particular the transition of the most important aspects of human life into virtual space, affects our personal and intellectual qualities. (Maylenova F.G. Internet Technologies and Personality Transformation in the VUCA-world / Humanity in the New Reality: Global Technological Challenges. Ed. by G.L. Belkina. Compiler M.I. Frolova. M., Kanon+, 2022. - P.367-381; Maylenova F.G. Transformation of Etiquette Norms in the Digital Reality / Filosofskie konteksty sovremennosti: iskusstvennyy intellekt i intellektual'naya intuitsiya. FIKOS 2022: materialy II Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem; Izhevsk, (25–26 fevralya 2022 g.) / otv. red. N.B. Polyakova, sost. A.A. Shamschurin. – Izhevsk: Udmurtskiy universitet, 2022. – S.196-198.) The role of digitalization as a basis for the convergence of humans and machines was investigated: computers and robots with artificial intelligence are turning from assistants into full-fledged participants in communication, and their initially subordinate role is subtly ceasing to be such. Possible consequences of the introduction of android robots into human life were considered. Keywords: technologies, robot ethics, androids, sex robots, artificial intelligence, applied ethics. (Maylenova F.G. Digisexuality: Deviation, Fashion, or Our Coming Future? / XVIII Tavricheskie filosofskie chteniya «Anakharsis»: «Chelovek vo vlasti tsifry: myshlenie, znanie, soznanie». Respublika Krym (g. Sudak, pos. Novyy Svet, 14.09.22.–16.09.22).) 1.5. Belkina G.L. 1.6. Belyaletdinov R.R. (Belyaletdinov R.R. Respect for Personal Autonomy as a Problem of Meaning-Making in Bioethics // Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2022. No. 4. P. 160-172.) An analysis of bioethical arguments for coercion and respect for personal autonomy was conducted in the reflexive space of bioethics, which faced the need to quickly restructure from the usual, pro-patient discourse oriented towards value priorities, to a mode of mobilizing all medical resources, often limited, to maintain the survival of the healthcare system itself. It is shown that coercion and the preservation of the principle of respect for autonomy in these circumstances turned out to be the most global themes in bioethics, and the redistribution of the influence of these principles on decision-making caused concerns and was itself provoked by concerns associated either with the connection of strict regulatory tools of coercion or, conversely, with the weakening of control and surveillance over people during the pandemic. (Belyaletdinov R.R. Bioethics and Digital Coercion: Respect for Personal Autonomy During the Pandemic // Sovremennye problemy sotsiotekhnantropnosfery / collective monograph / Ed. by V.G. Budanov. Kursk: Universitetskaya kniga, 2022. P. 207-226.) 1.7. Pronin M.A. Theoretical problems – paradigmatic anomies – and pragmatic prospects for preparing an updated dictionary version 2.0, taking into account the developments of various virtuality continuums as private disciplinary dictionaries of precedents, were formulated. (Pronin M. A. Dictionary of Virtuality Studies, Version 2.0: Challenges, Groundwork, and Prospects // Innovatsionnye tekhnologii v kinematografe, mediaindustrii i obrazovanii: IX Vserossiyskaya nauchno- prakticheskaya konferentsiya, Moskva, 18–22 oktyabrya, 1 noyabrya 2022 g.: Materialy i doklady / pod obshchey redaktsiey O. N. Raeva. M.: IPP «KUNA», 2022. S. 153-171.) The paradigmatic problems of understanding and non-understanding of the nature of virtual reality by mainstream philosophy and science – anomies and/or pathologies of their episteme – were revealed. (Pronin M. A., Raev O. N. Why the Heyday of Virtual Reality Technologies Has Not Come // Zapis' i vosproizvedenie ob"emnykh izobrazheniy v kinematografe, nauke, obrazovanii i v drugikh oblastyakh: XIV Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno- prakticheskaya konferentsiya, Moskva, 19–20 aprelya 2022 g.: Materialy i doklady / Pod obshchey redaktsiey O. N. Raeva. — Moskva: IPP «KUNA», 2022. — S. 137-146.) 1.8. Shevchenko S.Yu. 1.9. Frolova M.I. 1.10. Antipov A.V. Also, an overview of the ethics of concepts as one of the options for revising current ways of using the "expressive means of language" was given. The ethics of concepts, and the closely related direction of conceptual engineering, are part of ameliorativist movements aimed at developing normative attitudes in expert communities as well as improving social structures and interactions. Concepts used to denote social practices, in particular disability, are considered not only as ways of naming things and events but as points of application of efforts aimed at improving these practices. In the article, the ethics of concepts is demarcated from moral philosophy, and the term "ethics" is used quite broadly – to include both problems of obligation and problems of evaluating actions and consequences. At the same time, the ethics of concepts evaluates the applicability of concepts from value positions. In this regard, some authors consider it the first stage of conceptual engineering. Another component is conceptual activism, the goal of which is primarily the introduction of new concepts into communicative practices or the gradual improvement of existing concepts. Using the example of changes in the concept of "disability," the differences between the ethics of concepts and conceptual activism are demonstrated. It is shown that the proposed changes to this concept by disability rights advocates were subjected to constant ethical evaluation within bioethical discussions. Thus, within bioethics, the framework for such changes was formed, and forms of combining or translating non-medical and medical models of "disability" were developed. The social significance of bioethics, neuroethics, digital and technoethics is not limited to regulating the processes of developing new technologies and monitoring the spread of related social practices. These interdisciplinary areas turn out to be a kind of testing ground for concepts, where forms of coordinating their meanings are developed, and hence the coordination of the activities of state and public institutions, and individual social groups, takes place. (Antipov A.V., Shevchenko S.Yu. Bioethics and the Ethics of Concepts Around the Disability Rights Movement // Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial'noy politiki. 2022. No. 4. P.685-696.) 1.11. Lavrentyeva S.V. The possible application of counterfactual thinking in the communication between a geneticist doctor and a patient in conditions of uncertainty was analyzed. The conditions for applying a counterfactual narrative were considered, taking into account two features: the logic of predetermination and the influence of suprapersonal forces, and ideas about blood ties that contribute to the de-individualization of the patient. Relying on the formulation of the concept of possibility proposed by A.S. Karpenko, a heuristic approach to sketching probable scenarios for treatment during genetic counseling was outlined. The problem of the identity of the future self, built by the patient within the counterfactual narrative, was revealed. This problem is considered using the example of two thought experiments. The first thought experiment (about the fate of an unborn child - D. Bunin) reveals the problem of identity itself. The second (concerning the non-deterministic behavior of a tossed coin - K. Dorst) shows how this problem unfolds in conditions of uncertainty. It is shown that within the framework of creating possible scenarios for the development of the disease and its treatment using counterfactuals, it is important to take into account the "necessary properties" (U. Eco) of the patient, focusing on qualitative, not numerical, identity. This conclusion is substantiated in the light of the concept of narrative identity, within which counterfactual sketching of potential scenarios can be unfolded. (Lavrentyeva S.V. Counterfactual Thinking and the Problem of Identity: A Case of Communication about Genetic Risks // Filosofskaya mysl'. URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39362) |
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